낙천가가 되고 싶은 몽상가

agility 민첩, 날렵함

nimble 빠른, 날렵한

sabotage 방해하다, 파괴하다

IN 1974 a young Kodak engineer named Steven Sasson was assigned 맡기다, 파견하다, 배치하다

a seemingly 외견상으로 low-stakes task: to see

if there was any practical use for a recent invention capable ~을 할 수 있는, 유능한 of turning light into data.

He built a device that

could capture images and digitally display them on a screen and eagerly 열망하여, 열심히, 간절히

presented it to his bosses.

But he made a tactical 작전의, 전술의 blunder 실수: He billed ~을 ~로 홍보/묘사하다

the new technology as “filmless photography.”

That positioning clashed 충돌하다, 맞붙다 with the very raison d’être 존재 이유, 국가적 이유 of his audience— executives whose careers depended on the sale and processing of film—

all but guaranteeing a tepid 미지근한 response.

Instead of seizing an advantage in the consumer market, Kodak held off for nearly two decades,

by which time several competitors were contesting 경쟁을 벌이다 the market space.

Why did Sasson make such a deeply flawed pitch? 

He was carried away 흥분시키다 by enthusiasm 열정 for his invention.

He later said, “It never occurred to me that

I was at odds 역경, 곤란 with the fundamental mission of the company for the last 100 years.”

Innovators like Sasson can be their own worst enemies, 

derailed 탈선하다 by personal traits 특성, such as confidence and optimism,

that are essential to creativity but can be toxic when taken to an extreme 극단, 극도의,

and by emotions such as fear, doubt, regret, and frustration,

which are typical when trying something new but can too easily stall 멎게 하다 or destroy an effort.

Having interviewed and studied hundreds of successful and unsuccessful innovators,

we’ve learned that

many don’t appreciate, and therefore struggle to manage, psychological hurdles like these.

And although practical advice abounds 풍부하다 on how to innovate, from design thinking to lean start-up and sprint methodologies 방법론 , in-depth 철저하고 상세한 guidance on conquering 정복하는, 극복하는

the mental challenges involved is harder to find.

In what follows 다음으로, we draw on published interviews, videos, and speeches to describe the obstacles 장애 encountered 맞닥뜨리다 접하다 by some high-profile entrepreneurs and illuminate 밝히다 the paths by which they moved forward.

>파파고

1974년 스티븐 새슨이라는 젊은 코닥 엔지니어는 빛을 데이터로 변환하는 최근의 발명에 실용적 용도가 있는지 확인하는 것으로 겉보기에는 작업량이 적어 보이는 과제를 맡았습니다. 그는 이미지를 캡처하여 화면에 디지털로 표시할 수 있는 장치를 만들어 그의 상사에게 열심히 선물했습니다. 그러나 그는 전술적인 실수를 저질렀다. 그는 이 새로운 기술을 "무한 사진기"라고 광고했다. 그러한 입장은 그의 청중들, 즉 —lm의 판매와 처리에 경력이 달려있는 임원들과 충돌했다. 소비자 시장에서 우위를 점하는 대신, 코닥은 거의 20년 동안 o for를 보유했고, 그 무렵에는 여러 경쟁 업체들이 시장에서 경쟁하고 있었다.
새슨은 왜 그렇게 감탄하는 투구를 했을까? 그는 자신의 발명에 대한 열정에 도취되었다. 그는 이후 "지난 100년 동안 회사의 근본적인 사명과 갈등을 겪었다는 생각은 전혀 들지 않았다"고 말했다.
Sasson과 같은 혁신자들은 자신의 최악의 적이 될 수 있으며, 창의력에는 필수적이지만 극단으로 치닫게 되면 독이 될 수 있으며, 두려움, 의심, 후회, 좌절과 같은 감정으로 인해 탈선할 수 있다.

수백 명의 성공과 실패 혁신가들을 인터뷰하고 연구한 결과, 우리는 많은 사람들이 이러한 심리적 장애물을 인식하지 못하고, 따라서 관리하는데 어려움을 겪는다는 것을 알게 되었습니다. 그리고 디사인 사고에서 린 스타트업과 스프린트 방법론에 이르기까지 혁신 방법에 대한 실질적인 조언이 많지만, 관련된 정신적 과제를 정복하기 위한 심층적인 지침은 더 어렵다.
다음 내용에서는 일부 고위 기업가가 직면한 장애물을 설명하고 그들이 앞으로 나아가는 경로를 조명하기 위해 공개된 인터뷰, 비디오 및 연설을 그린다.

The Economist January 22nd 2022

Vaccine mandates_권한

Must you be jabbed_예방주사?

Arguments over compulsory_강제적인 covid-19 vaccination are raging across Europe

earlier this month President Emman­ uel Macron_마크롱 대통령 said

he wished to “piss off”
those who had chosen not to be vaccinated against covid19.

France’s 5m unjabbed people will soon be barred_차단 from restau­rants, theatres and long­distance trains, among other things. Yet they might con­sider themselves lucky.

Italy and Greece have passed laws making vaccination obligatory_의무적인 for all residents over 50 and 60 respectively_각각.

Austria has just done so for all adults, and Germany may follow suit.

Most European countries have already excluded_제외하다 unvaccinated people from large swathes of public life, to varying 변화하는 effect (see Graphic detail).

In many places jabs are a condition of employment in hospitals and care homes.

But facing a stubborn완고한 wall of vaccine scepticism 회의론, some governments have gone one step further.

“I would have preferred to go another way. But…we need to take this drastic 과감한 step,” said Alexander Schallenberg, Austria’s then chancellor 수상, announcing the plan in November.

Austria and Germany have some of the lowest vac­cination rates in western Europe.
Many feel queasy 메스꺼운 , 초조한 at the prospect of gov­ernments ordering them to have needles stuck in their arms. Proponents 지지자 counter 반박하다 that the unvaccinated erode 침식시키다, 무너뜨리다 the freedom of other citizens by swamping 쇄도하다/ 뒤덮다 health­care systems and making new lockdowns more likely. 

Either way 어느 쪽이든, compulsory vaccination carries several potential risks.
Start with the legal and logistical pro­blems.

Austria’s law, which will apply to 7.4m people—all residents over18 bar preg­nant women and those with medical ex­ emptions—will take effect on February 1st.

From mid­ March the unjabbed face fines of at least €600 ($680), with further checks and fines applicable 적용되는 every quarter.

But the agency responsible for the vaccine registry says it will not be ready until April. (Spot­ checks will apply before then.) The legal system could buckle if many refuseniks opt for fines over jabs. Germany, where parliament will debate vaccine mandates next week, does not even have a registry, making enforcement look yet trickier.
Moreover, constitutional courts will frown on mandates that look premature or disproportionate. Many reckon European governments could do more to balance the stick of restrictions with the carrot of bet­ ter outreach. Rather than simply impose top­down measures, they could find vacci­ nation champions in communities with large numbers of unjabbed people, includ­ ing some minority groups.

A second concern is epidemiological 역학적. The German and Austrian mandates were proposed when the Delta variant was dom­ inant. But laws may not prove as adaptable as the sars­Cov­2 virus. What if the next variant requires a modified vaccine, or a fresh booster? For Janosch Dahmen, a Ger­ man Green mp and doctor, uncertainty sur­rounding the behaviour of future variants is a strong reason to press ahead with (well­designed) compulsory vaccination now. Others disagree. A leading Austrian virologist urged the country to rethink its plan in the face of the widespread immuni­ ty the Omicron wave will confer.

A third worry is backlash 반발. Most Ger­mans support compulsion.

But although moving from nudges to mandates may in­ duce some sceptics to get the jab, others may become implacable foes. Anti­vax protests, many of them fuelled by the far right and prone to violence, are spreading rapidly. A vaccine mandate will surely swell them further. To avoid creating social “fissures” the Czechs recently scrapped a plan to oblige over­60s to get jabbed. (The age­limited mandates in Greece and Italy have proved less contentious.)

No one knows if compulsion will work. One Austrian panel found that roughly two­thirds of the 1m remaining unjabbed adults were unlikely to get vaccinated at any cost. But such surveys have their lim­its.

The French, for example, turned out to be more relaxed about jabs than polls 여론조사 had once suggested. As other countries grapple 씨름하다 with their vaccine hold­outs 버티기, they will be watching the experiments in the German­ speaking countries closely. n

[Sustainable Future] It’s paper not plastic, electric over gasoline, for the Korean retailers

Oct 28,2019

With customers increasingly shopping with an eye toward big social issues, retailers are taking note.주목하다 Online retailers are especially conscious of how their business affects the environment, as they are seen as prime culprits 주범 in the creation of waste.

It has become difficult for all retailers, large and small, to ignore the harm they may be causing.

Traditional retailers, e-commerce operators and food delivery platforms have jumped in to tackle 씨름하다 the issue.

The average amount of plastic waste generated annually by three major discount chain marts - Emart, Lotte Mart and Homeplus - is 658 tons, according to the Ministry of Environment in August.

With the government’s goal to reduce plastic waste by 50 percent by 2030 and to pull up its recycling rate from the current 34 percent to 70 percent, it has been strengthening regulations on retailers and their use of disposable materials.

The government in August banned major retailers from offering packaging, such as paper boxes and tape, to encourage consumers to use personal shopping baskets. Paper boxes are recyclable, but tape and string pollute the environment. In April, the environment ministry banned major department stores and discount chain marts from utilizing disposable plastic bags.

The stricter regulations on top of the growing tendency for moral 도덕적 consumption have made it inevitable for smaller retailers to take action.

Paper packaging

Last month, Market Kurly announced its plans to replace all polystyrene packaging with paper by 2021. Best known for its pioneering 선구적인 dawn delivery service, Market Kurly said its decision was affected by self-reflection and complaints from consumers who have grown more aware about excess packaging.

Market Kurly said it has replaced plastic pouches, tape and zipper bags with paper alternatives. The company collects the paper packaging from consumers and sells it to Tree Planet, a social venture. The profit earned from selling packaging is spent to plant trees at elementary schools, according to the company.

BGF Retail’s online grocery business Hello Nature ,as well as Coupang, have taken a similar path.

Earlier this month, Hello Nature said it will pack all the items ordered by its users in a single box instead of packing produce in separate boxes. A spokesperson from the company said it will make better use of box space to fit everything. The announcement followed the company’s plan announced in April to scrap 폐기하다 버리다 the use of Styrofoam and vinyl.

Coupang also joined the movement, and said it has reduced packaging waste over the past year by 60 percent. It replaced Styrofoam boxes used to deliver fresh produce with paper boxes with a special, insulating 단열처리 liner. The company said it also started delivering ready-wrapped items, like toilet paper or diapers, without additional packaging.

Traditional retailers like Shinsegae have started taking the environment more seriously with the expansion of online services. SSG.com, its online shopping brand, in April introduced a reusable cooler bag for the early-morning delivery service.



Electric vehicles

In addition to introducing the reusable cooler bag, SSG.com went a step further to deliver packages in electric refrigerated trucks.

The company announced earlier this month that it signed an agreement with Hyundai Glovis to deliver its fresh produce in electric refrigerated vehicles by early next year.

SSG.com will rent delivery trucks from Hyundai Glovis, which will build the charging infrastructure for the new fleet 함대 of delivery trucks, which will be purchased from Hyundai Motor once they are developed.

With food delivery seen as a major contributor to pollution, some franchise food restaurants have started delivering by electric scooters.

In January, McDonald’s Korea announced it will replace 1,400 delivery motorbikes used at the directly-managed stores with electric scooters by 2021. The hamburger franchise said it expects to reduce annual carbon dioxide emissions by 937 tons.

Baedal Minjok and Vroong have followed Seoul City’s plan to replace gasoline-powered motorbikes with electric motorbikes this year. The city government says it will swap 100,000 regular motorbikes with electric motorbikes by 2025. Around100,000 motorbikes are registered as delivery vehicles in Seoul.

“With their current delivery method of using motorbikes, food delivery companies have become major contributors to air pollution,” said Lee Jeong-hee, economics professor at Chung-Ang University. “The government’s response to handling the air pollution from the exhaust of delivery motorbikes has been quite slow. Food delivery operators have to voluntarily step in to replace the motorbikes with electric scooters.”



Renewable dishes

Food delivery operators have been trying to switch to eco-friendly food packaging.

Baedal Minjok in April rolled out the World Without Waste project, which aims to cut the amount of disposable packaging used. It added a new feature on its mobile app that enables users to choose whether to receive disposable chopsticks or spoons when receiving the delivery.

The market leader also developed reusable dishes, and is encouraging affiliated restaurant owners to utilize them for packaged food by offering them a temporary discount.

“From the company perspective, becoming eco-friendly entails extra cost, especially if it involves manufacturing processes,” said a spokesperson for Baedal Minjok. “But consumers are demanding change from us. Only time will tell whether meeting the demand would result in higher profit.”

Delivery Hero, which operates food delivery brand Yogiyo, adopted a similar strategy.

Yogiyo now offers consumers an option on whether or not to receive disposable utensils or side dishes for the food they order. Yogiyo also opened an eco-friendly category on its online mall, where packaging for restaurant owners is sold. The eco-friendly bags sold on the platform can biodegrade in 90 days in a landfill, according to Delivery Hero.



Eco-friendly policy challenges

Although becoming environmentally friendly may be driven by good intentions, it also entails cost from the company perspective.

“Adopting eco-friendly packaging could be a burden for the company because it entails cost for research and development and the price of eco-friendly materials is usually more expensive than the materials that have been commonly used, like plastics,” said a spokesperson for BGF Retail. “But we consider the spending as a long-term investment that could help raise brand image.”

A spokesperson from Market Kurly said the company faced a 10 percent increase in packaging cost by switching to paper.

Market Kurly also had to deal with concerns of some consumers, who did not trust paper packaging. The company said it has to add extra coolants and use extra wrapping to pack their products.

SSG.com said it had to build the infrastructure for electric vehicles to realize its plan of delivering products via electric refrigerated trucks.

“The cost of replacing the existing trucks with eco-friendly trucks wasn’t high since we’re renting the trucks, but developing the technology to construct electric refrigerated trucks has been challenging,” said an SSG.com spokesperson.

“To replace existing trucks with electric trucks, we need to install electric charging stations at our distribution centers in Gimpo, [Gyeonggi], and that costs money. On top of that, we also have to find ways to deliver items with electric trucks outside the metropolitan areas, where infrastructure for electric vehicles hasn’t been properly established.”

Delivery Hero said it was reluctant about following the eco-friendly movement since it creates additional pressure on restaurant partners.

“Restaurant owners are particularly busy at lunch and dinner time when orders constantly flow in,” said a spokesperson for the Berlin-based food delivery service. “Adding options for users to choose whether or not to receive spoons or side dishes is a burden for restaurant owners, when they already need to deal with orders and deliveries as well as the dining room all at the same time. Receiving specific requests from consumers means they have additional tasks at times when they’re already facing time constraints.”

Some restaurant owners aren’t able to meet specific requests from eco-friendly consumers because they’re too busy.

“But we can’t demand restaurant owners to strictly follow specific requests from eco-friendly consumers, because that would just be an abuse of power,” the spokesperson added.

Prof. Seo Yong-gu, who teaches business at Sookmyung Women’s University said, “It is inevitable for retailers to move in a direction in accordance with the consumer sentiment.”

BY JIN MIN-JI [jin.minji@joongang.co.kr]

가족

how big?
-가족의 수
-구성원/각자가 하는 일
-성격 및 특징
-가장 가까운 가족 구성원
-가족과 함께 시간을 보내는 방법


There are three people in my family.
My brother is a student
They are very funny and outgoing.
shy and quiet
strict and diligent.

closest to
most close

I am closest to my brother.
We have many things in common.


how spend time

외식, 생일, 여행

last time you had a meal

memorable event
what/why

surprise party
기억 남는/감동


*
There are three people in my family.
They are my father, older brother, and me.
My father runs his own business.
He is very deligent.

My brother works for a company.

I'm closest to my brother.
He is very active and outgoing.
We like to eat home delivery food together.
We order it at least once a week.
and I often fight with him.
But I make it up with him in time.

Overall, I'm happy with my family and grateful for them.

School Life 학교의 첫 인상

학교 캠퍼스에서 처음 본 광경
캠퍼스 분위기
학교 건물 및 시설의 특징
가장 마음에 들었던 점
실제 학교 생활에 대한 소감

be impressed to + 동사

look very+형용사
It looked very lively and active.

be excited to + 동사

as long as + 주+동
~하는 한

felt like I could + 동사

When I first went to my school, I was impressed to see a lot of people on the campus. They looked very lively and active. I was also amazed by the huge grass field with trees and flowers. It looked the way I had imagined it would. I was so excited to begin my college life. Every part of the school made me smile.
It was especially thrilling to find that the library had a hugh collection of books. It had all kinds of DVDs that you could borrow for free as long as you had a student ID card. I felt like I could spend the whole day at the library.
Overall, I had a very good first impression of my campus. I hope I can enjoy my school life to the fullest.

-first day/feel
>first impression

-school staff members
>good direction/unfriendly

-what did you like? why?

다짐 각오 포부
professor/classmate

food/bench

-

11일 eleventh

12일 twelfth

21일 twenty-first

0.39 (zero) point three nine

Bled. 

Boulevard 도로,대로

(A) through B

(A부터) B까지 내내

The tour will last Monday through Wed.

We will be holding the workshop through Mon. morning.

in 실내공간, 도시

at 건물, 번지수

on 층수, 길 이름

The man on the left

The man in the middle

in rows/ in a line

dog on a leash[가죽끈]

He has his legs crossed.

She has her arms folded.

has gray hair.

be lining ( the wall )[벽을 따라]

foreground 전경

pier 부두

railing 난간

opposite from 맞은편에

working on the computer

having a conversation

vendor 노점상

stall 가판대

helping themselves [마음껏 음식을 먹다]

along the path

walking her dog

getting on the bus

getting off the bus

pushig a baby stroller

lying under a beach umbrella

sunbathing on the beach

swimsuit

Big umbrellas are open over the table.

White clouds are reflected on the water.

rack 옷걸이

tablecloth 식탁보

in both direction 양방향으로

I hardly ever carry cash

It's two blocks away from my house.

I walk 10 minutes from my house to the library.

electronics 전자제품

on my way to walk

meet one's goal ~의 목표를 달성하다

loyal customer 단골 고객

keep in good health 건강을 유지하다

affection 애정

last for long 오래 지속되다

in real time 실시간으로

get access to ~에 접근하다/접속하다

학교 캠퍼스

학교 이름
설립 연도
1918
캠퍼스 내 건물
가장 좋아하는 장소

도서관, 기숙사, 학교식당, 학교 전경

go to + 학교 이름 + in 국가

I go to @ in Korea.

be built in + 시기

It was built in the 1910s.

be known for + #

My school is known for its beautiful campus.

be happy with + 만족하는 점

I am happy with my school campus.

My favorite place on campus is the small grass field next to the library.

a bench next to the lake.

the school cafeteria.


*
학교이름>연도>특징>선호장소

I go to @ in Korea. It was built in the 1910s and is known for its beautiful campus. So, It is a very popular filming location in Korea.

There are a total of 20 different school bulidings, and many of them are new. These new buildings are high, so they have elevators, and they have coffee shops and cafeterias, too.
The campus also has a lot of flowers and trees. So the view is amazing in spring and fall. I'm happy with the campus.

My favorite place on campus is the small grass field next to the library. I like to sit by the trees and take a nap or read books in my free time.

Overall, I think my school campus is quite cool.

*

Question,
-buildings/new or old

-campus look like?

-자연경관
계절마다 느낌
cherry trees and flowers along the path.
A fountain in the middle of the pond. So, the water spray out of the fountain. It looks very nice and cool.

maple trees and ginkgo trees
enjoy the fall leaves.


-different from other schools?
>우리학교 특징


The tuition fees are less expensive than other universities.

I'm a senior at @ University.
I'm majoring in BA

I chose my major because @@

work for a global company
area/field 분야

nothing more interesting than + 명사
~보다 더 흥미로운 것은 없다


Hello. My name is @. I'm a senior at @ University, and I'm doing a double major in BA and H. I chose my major because I want to be a professional and creative entrepreneur in agricultural business. l hope I will one day run a farm for agricultural tourism.

And, I have a great interest in books. I love to get knowledge of many different fields from books. Also, I could feel a variety of emotions reading stories. The book 'Anne of Green Gables' is my favorite story. There are lots of interesting things in life, but I think there's nothing more interesting than books.


Q.
School life?
학교이름/위치/전공/분위기

details of you school?
이름/생활/캠퍼스/특색/활동

future plans?
과거 계기/현재/미래
현재 준비/동기부여